High Altitude Adventures: Common Highland Diseases and First Aid Measures
Plateau disease is a special disease that occurs in the hypoxic environment of the plateau. It is a general term for various clinical manifestations caused by a series of changes in the body's pathophysiology caused by the inability of the human body to adapt to the hypobaric hypoxia of the plateau. Anoxic pathogenic factors, such as frostbite caused by cold, solar radiation, etc., and acute diseases such as solar dermatitis do not belong to this disease category. Plateau disease has the following characteristics:
(1) incidence in high altitude environment;
(2) The pathogenic factors are mainly hypobaric hypoxia;
(3) Hypoxic pathophysiological changes are the basis and clinical manifestation of its pathogenesis;
(4) From a hypoxic environment, the condition generally improved or even healed.
Common high altitude diseases are the following:
(1) Acute altitude sickness;
(2) Plateau coma;
(3) plateau polycythemia;
(4) high altitude hypertension;
(5) Plateau heart disease;
(6) high altitude pulmonary edema;
(7) Mixed plateau disease.
What is high altitude pulmonary edema? What are the characteristics of high altitude pulmonary edema?
High altitude pulmonary edema is a special disease caused by acute hypoxia in the plateau region. It is a common disease in areas above 3,000 meters above sea level. Occurred in the first rapid entry into the plateau or from the plateau to a higher elevation, or plateau residents who have lived in the plains for some time to return to the plateau. The basic conditions that cause high altitude pulmonary edema are altitude, cold, and individual differences. The first two are external conditions, and the latter is an internal factor, which is caused by poor adaptability to hypoxia.
High altitude pulmonary edema is characterized by acute onset, rapid disease progression, and prognosis depending on early diagnosis and timely treatment. As long as the diagnosis and treatment are timely, the vast majority of people can recover 3-6 days. Delay in diagnosis and untreated can lead to death. In the case of high altitude coma or severe infection, the prognosis is poor.
Patients who quickly enter the plateau, on the basis of acute altitude sickness, have severe headaches, extreme fatigue, difficulty in breathing, persistent dry cough, pale lips and tongue, pale or gray earth-colored, that is, the occurrence of vigilance. Such as coughing, coughing out yellowish or pink foam-like phlegm, or hear wet rales in the lungs after coughing, and auxiliary examinations such as chest thorax, chest radiographs, and diagnosis of high altitude pulmonary edema can be established.
How is high altitude pulmonary edema produced?
The main cause of high altitude pulmonary edema is hypoxia. However, all kinds of incentives have a certain relationship with the disease. At present, the cause of high altitude pulmonary edema is believed to be related to the following factors.
(1) Hypoxic stimulation redistributes blood, and increases blood flow to the lungs. As the excitability of sympathetic nerves increases, peripheral blood vessels contract and blood flow to the heart, lungs, and brain increases.
(2) hypoxia caused pulmonary artery spasm, increased pulmonary artery pressure.
(3) Hypoxia directly or indirectly causes pulmonary capillary endothelial cells to undergo damage and enhance permeability, so that blood vessels and cells in the blood vessels enter the alveoli and form pulmonary edema.
(4) Hypoxic pulmonary vascular thrombosis. As a result of hypoxia, a wide range of fibrin thrombosis in the pulmonary capillaries results in aggravation of pulmonary arterial hypertension, impeding pulmonary circulation and uneven distribution of pulmonary blood flow.
The above factors can affect each other. Increased pulmonary artery pressure, hypoxic damage to pulmonary capillaries, increased permeability, increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary capillary thrombosis, etc., leading to pulmonary edema.
The causes of high altitude pulmonary edema are coldness, fatigue and infection. The occurrence of high altitude pulmonary edema is also related to individual differences and genetic factors of susceptibility.
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