Some problems that must be paid attention to in the import trade of beech logs
2019-08-17 04:03:06
The author has been engaged in the importing of graded beech logs. Now, in the spirit of mutual learning and trade cooperation, I have exchanged views with my peers as follows: 1 The names of the products are as follows: BEECHLOGS, veneer-level beech logs ( VENEER BEECHLOGS, SLICING BEECHLOGS, SLICING VENEERBEECH LOGS. For the logs used for sliced ​​veneers, the first two are not complete because of the beech logs. Class 2 - single-plate grade and saw-grade grade, while single-plate grade is divided into rotary cut grade and plan cut grade (rotary cut grade beech logs are currently imported less in China); at the same time, the country of origin must not be specified. The land is written in Europe, mainly in Eastern Europe and Western Europe. The Eastern European beech is of poor quality. The Western European mountain hair is made of fine material. The German beech is longer and harder than the French beech.
2 Specification length is divided into actual length and invoice length (effective length). The actual length is equal to the length of the invoice plus the remaining amount (not counting the volume). The length of the invoice is generally 2.7~3.0m and its multiple. Here are a few points to make: (1) It makes sense to use the length of "2.7 ~ 3.0m" as the base. The shortest 2.7m is based on the length of the plywood 2.44m, the minimum length of the patch is 2.5m, the cut length is 2.6m, and the effective planer length is 2.7m. It takes into account the rationality of the factory use; the maximum length is 3.0m. Give the foreign party an appropriate length range for easy supply, taking into account the interests of the foreign party. Other lengths, such as 2.7 or 3.0m, 2.6 ~ 3.0m, 2.7 ~ 3.2m are not the best, fixed multiple foreign materials, 2.6 m too short, 3.2m factory Too much loss. (2) The meaning of "and its multiples" is not a multiple of 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0 m but any combination of these four lengths, such as 8.7m can be understood as 3.0m + 3.0m + 2.7m, It can also be understood as 3.0m+2.9m+2.8m. Therefore, the length that may appear in the code list is 2.7-3.0m, 5.4-6.0m, 8.1-9.0m, 10.8. ~12m, a total of 33 lengths. (3) The “balance†is generally 20~30cm. If the ship is loaded before April 20th, the balance is sufficient; if after April 20th to May 20th, the balance is generally 40~60cm. If after May 20 to June 10, the balance is generally 60-80cm, or even 80-100mm. The purpose of the balance is to prevent contamination and discoloration. When the temperature rises, the length of the balance is particularly important to prevent discoloration at both ends.
The diameter is generally up to 10% of 45 to 49 cm, the remainder is 50 cm and above; or all are 50 cm and above; or a high ratio (greater than 50%) to 60 cm and above. The first type is the most common, and the foreign party generally accepts such orders, mainly to facilitate the organization of the source of goods. In standing timber, the natural proportion of 60cm and above is generally about 30%, and there are some differences in different regions. If you do not order 45-49cm, or 60cm ratio is greater than 50%, or even 100%, the foreign party has to choose from it. 3 The length of the ruler is the length of the invoice, and the remaining amount is not included. There are three kinds of margins: one is the protection margin (must be); the other is the margin of defects, such as cracking, knots, large pockets; the third is the excess margin, if some lengths are not enough, only count For a section, if the length is 5.3m, the length of the invoice can only be 3m. The length is calculated to decimeter, less than decimeter, and is rounded off, such as: 8.19m, only 8.1m, and must conform to the relationship of "2.7 ~ 3.0m and its multiple". It should be noted that the length of the ruler is the length of the invoice, not the actual length. There is a question of the length of the allowance. Where is the balance of the two heads? It should be judged empirically according to the actual situation. The more standardized operation requires the foreign party to be at the second end. The balance is marked for factory inspection.
The position of the diameter gauge should be in the middle of the invoice length, with the skin diameter and without the skin diameter. The diameter without the skin is equal to the diameter of the skin minus 2cm, and the volume is generally about 3%. In France, there is a leather ruler; in Germany, the forest farm sells to traders without a leather ruler. At the time of export, most traders calculate the volume of the skin, and a small number of foreign merchants do not calculate the volume. The ruler method is divided into the perimeter method (GIRTH) and the caliper method (CROSS). The circumference method first measures the circumference and then calculates the diameter. The caliper method is the shortest diameter first, then perpendicular to the shortest diameter and the long diameter. Integer, then add by dividing by 2. In Europe, the official rule is to use the caliper method, but in the actual scale, it is also useful for the perimeter method; for domestic factory re-examination, both methods are useful. Since the plantain-level beech logs are generally round, the results of the two methods should be the same or not much different. In the actual gauge, some differences are produced, most of which are caused by different positions of the gauge, including different points on the same circumference and different points in the length direction. The more standardized operation requires the outer diameter in the middle diameter. A mark is made for factory inspection; in addition, if the ruler is not standardized, if the caliper method is not strictly operated as required, it is prone to errors. The diameter is calculated to be centimeters, usually less than two centimeters, such as 60.8 cm, 60 cm.
The ruler on European beech logs is not very standardized. In order to avoid disagreements, it is recommended to agree on the contract.
4 Quality There is no uniform quality standard for beech logs in Europe, especially sliced ​​logs, which are developed by the exporters themselves. Since there is no uniform standard, it should be agreed in the contract. Descriptive standards are generally used, such as: 25% of small red hearts (also 30%); clear sides, round straight, freshly cut, no serious end cracks, nails at both ends "S' nails and waxing.
The relationship between the length of the material and the ratio of the red heart: the trend of the red heart of the beech (including the actual size and percentage) is small, big and small, and there is no certain rule in this trend. When the long wood is cut off, the first paragraph from the small head to the second The segment (or less than the second segment) quickly becomes smaller, and the big head is even a dark circle. This is true for long products. Therefore, the size of the red heart is closely related to the position of the trunk and the length of the material. For example, a red heart of a 3m material is 25%, and a red heart of a 9m material is 30%. Which one is suitable? It should be the latter. Since most of the German mountain-like logs are long (2 to 3 segments), most of France is short (1 to 2). From the perspective of red hearts, it is more advantageous to import German beech logs. The percentage of red hearts is defined as the percentage of the diameter of the small head, which is more scientific and beneficial to the buyer because the red heart is the largest.
Regarding surface defects, the most serious defects are knots. The most common defects are grooves and torsion, such as bending and cracking (except for elevated temperatures). The big pockets are deducted by the margin, and the cutting material has serious defects. Use is not allowed, but logs are natural products, minor defects, or more serious defects, but not within the length of use, should be considered qualified. Experienced suppliers, for logs with some minor defects, are compensated by the ruler (including length and diameter), which is acceptable to domestic factories because it not only does not affect the use, but also earns more ends. .
How to effectively control quality? The quality standard in the contract is very important, but more important is the supplier's reputation and experience. It is necessary to choose an experienced supplier, preferably a large-scale planed veneer factory or a professional log export company.
5 The price is the most sensitive, and the relationship between price and quality is difficult to say. For the planed material, as long as the price fluctuates within a certain range, the quality is more important. In general, traders care more about prices, while factories pay more attention to quality. The price of sliced ​​beech logs has its particularity, and its effective price is affected by various factors, such as the length of the invoice is the small value of the effective length (2.7m), the median value (2.8, 2.9m), or large Value (3.0m), whether it is overfilled or short-loaded, whether the actual margin is long or short, whether it is long or short, the proportion of size and diameter, the quality of the material, the most important indicator is reflected in the level of the board. And the value of the use of surplus materials, such as poor lm3 logs can only be affixed to about 200 pieces of plywood, good lm3 logs can be affixed to about 450 sheets of plywood, the difference is more than 2 times, in addition, Long surplus materials can also be sold.
Since the beech logs are high-value logs, a small short log is about 3,000 yuan, and a large long one is about 20,000 yuan. Once the quality problems occur, the loss will be very serious. Experienced, reputable suppliers can supply high-quality logs at the right price, and those who are informal and inexperienced suppliers, even at high prices, may not guarantee quality.
6 The contract contract must be detailed, and must be operated strictly in accordance with the terms of trade. The inspection, claim, arbitration, and breach of contract clauses are indispensable. Generally, if there is a problem, the certificate will be issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau within 30 days after the goods arrive at the factory. The foreign party's request for inspection by SGS should be considered. The arbitration should be the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. Some foreign parties require arbitration in third-party countries and generally do not consider it. If the party is late or not delivered, the foreign party should be required to provide compensation.
7 Documents For the letter of credit trade, the most important documents are the bill of lading and the packing list. On the bill of lading, it is required to indicate the shipping number and address of the shipping company in the Chinese side. First, in order to inquire about the time of arrival, in order to prepare for customs declaration as soon as possible; second, it can prevent fraudulent bills of lading to protect the safety of funds.
The standard packing list should be in addition to the invoice length and diameter, as well as the actual length and diameter, as well as a remarks column to indicate the condition of the buckle and describe the quality status.
Lu time must stipulate a reasonable period of validity and deadline for delivery. Because sometimes there will be a delay in the arrival of the goods, the delay in the port, so that the foreign party can be forced to pay the bill early, the foreign bank to send the bill.
9 Orders and foreign parties should sign long-term contracts as much as possible, issue certificates every month, and ship them on a monthly basis. The advantage is that large orders can win a good price, which can cause the foreign party to pay attention to quality. In case there is a problem with the quality, no matter whether the cooperation or the future is solved, the market price will rise, the price will remain unchanged, and the price will drop. Ask for a price cut. This point has a unique effect on the new foreign party.
10 Claims for beech logs mainly have three aspects: First, severe discoloration at both ends: generally the amount of discoloration at each end exceeds 40 cm, making the available length less than 2.5 m, which is generally present in May, especially in late May. The reason for the subsequent shipment is that the goods are stored abroad for a long time or the temperature rises during transportation. The solution is: when the amount of imports is small and the discoloration is serious, each of the two ends is cut, the short logs can be directly sawed, and the length of the discoloration of each end of each discolored log and the length without discoloration in the middle are recorded in detail; when the amount of imports is large, Use analogy. There is no log with a discolored part less than 2.5m in the middle. Although it can not be used as a sawing veneer, it can be used as a sawn timber. When claiming, this part of the log should be reasonably valued.
The second is surface defects: such as bending, torsion, grooves, knots, cracks and red hearts. For the treatment of surface defects, the key is to grasp a degree. If the external quality of the logs is generally good, the general small defects are not claimed to the outside party. Other minor defects, such as slight twists, grooves, and some serious defects, such as knots, cracks, and the outside of the scales, the factory generally accepts, do not pay compensation, of course, the number of such cases Must not be too much, if there is a twist, the outer diameter of the buckle is 1-5cm, if there is a knot, but it is not within the effective length, such as 5.6m, there is a section at 3.5m, the foreign side is calculated by 3m, such as If there is a slight crack, increase the margin. For some serious defects, as long as the impact is affected, regardless of the quantity, a claim can be filed. Surface defects are generally claimed in l/4 volume; red hearts are over-proportioned, and should be claimed for over-proportional part volume. After calculation, the diameter is 50cm, the invoice length is 2.7m, the red heart is increased from 25% to 35%, and the red heart is over-proportioned to 0. .031 7m3. The volume is less than 0.032 3m3 when the outer diameter is increased by 1.5m. When the proportion of the red heart is increased by 10%, the volume of the added portion is small because it is the inner diameter.
Surface defects are generally easy to solve, because they are defects in standing timber and are foreign defects. Generally, there is no big controversy.
Third, the number is short: from the perspective of a large number of imported goods, most of them are expansion scales, but a small part also has a weight loss, generally not much loss, is a normal range. If there are a lot of deficits, the claim is relatively difficult. The reason is that the foreign party thinks that it is real quantity, even the scale is loose, there will be no big loss of scale, and it is skeptical about the factory re-examination, long-term partner claims Well solved, just a cooperative claim is more difficult.
The reason for the short quantity is as follows: First, the foreign party deliberately deducts the ruler. For large formal European suppliers, this situation generally does not occur; the second is the ruler method, using the perimeter method or the caliper method, there may be small differences; Calculation method, such as the carry of the diameter, π is 3.14 or 3.1416; the fourth is the position of the ruler. If there is a mark at the middle diameter, there is no position problem, some suppliers have no mark in the middle, because the medium diameter is the invoice The medium diameter of the length is not the medium diameter of the actual length. The position of the invoice length depends on the margins at both ends.
11 Agent factories are generally reluctant to find agents. They think that there is more than one link in the middle. In fact, this is not entirely the case. The key depends on whether there is a need and value in this link. There are three aspects to be aware of when looking for an agent: first, to find a professional and reputable company with strong reputation; second, to find a person who is upright, proficient in business, understand foreign languages, understand foreign trade, and be able to handle various problems independently. The third is to look at the foreign party provided by the agent, whether it has strength, experience and credibility.
2 Specification length is divided into actual length and invoice length (effective length). The actual length is equal to the length of the invoice plus the remaining amount (not counting the volume). The length of the invoice is generally 2.7~3.0m and its multiple. Here are a few points to make: (1) It makes sense to use the length of "2.7 ~ 3.0m" as the base. The shortest 2.7m is based on the length of the plywood 2.44m, the minimum length of the patch is 2.5m, the cut length is 2.6m, and the effective planer length is 2.7m. It takes into account the rationality of the factory use; the maximum length is 3.0m. Give the foreign party an appropriate length range for easy supply, taking into account the interests of the foreign party. Other lengths, such as 2.7 or 3.0m, 2.6 ~ 3.0m, 2.7 ~ 3.2m are not the best, fixed multiple foreign materials, 2.6 m too short, 3.2m factory Too much loss. (2) The meaning of "and its multiples" is not a multiple of 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0 m but any combination of these four lengths, such as 8.7m can be understood as 3.0m + 3.0m + 2.7m, It can also be understood as 3.0m+2.9m+2.8m. Therefore, the length that may appear in the code list is 2.7-3.0m, 5.4-6.0m, 8.1-9.0m, 10.8. ~12m, a total of 33 lengths. (3) The “balance†is generally 20~30cm. If the ship is loaded before April 20th, the balance is sufficient; if after April 20th to May 20th, the balance is generally 40~60cm. If after May 20 to June 10, the balance is generally 60-80cm, or even 80-100mm. The purpose of the balance is to prevent contamination and discoloration. When the temperature rises, the length of the balance is particularly important to prevent discoloration at both ends.
The diameter is generally up to 10% of 45 to 49 cm, the remainder is 50 cm and above; or all are 50 cm and above; or a high ratio (greater than 50%) to 60 cm and above. The first type is the most common, and the foreign party generally accepts such orders, mainly to facilitate the organization of the source of goods. In standing timber, the natural proportion of 60cm and above is generally about 30%, and there are some differences in different regions. If you do not order 45-49cm, or 60cm ratio is greater than 50%, or even 100%, the foreign party has to choose from it. 3 The length of the ruler is the length of the invoice, and the remaining amount is not included. There are three kinds of margins: one is the protection margin (must be); the other is the margin of defects, such as cracking, knots, large pockets; the third is the excess margin, if some lengths are not enough, only count For a section, if the length is 5.3m, the length of the invoice can only be 3m. The length is calculated to decimeter, less than decimeter, and is rounded off, such as: 8.19m, only 8.1m, and must conform to the relationship of "2.7 ~ 3.0m and its multiple". It should be noted that the length of the ruler is the length of the invoice, not the actual length. There is a question of the length of the allowance. Where is the balance of the two heads? It should be judged empirically according to the actual situation. The more standardized operation requires the foreign party to be at the second end. The balance is marked for factory inspection.
The position of the diameter gauge should be in the middle of the invoice length, with the skin diameter and without the skin diameter. The diameter without the skin is equal to the diameter of the skin minus 2cm, and the volume is generally about 3%. In France, there is a leather ruler; in Germany, the forest farm sells to traders without a leather ruler. At the time of export, most traders calculate the volume of the skin, and a small number of foreign merchants do not calculate the volume. The ruler method is divided into the perimeter method (GIRTH) and the caliper method (CROSS). The circumference method first measures the circumference and then calculates the diameter. The caliper method is the shortest diameter first, then perpendicular to the shortest diameter and the long diameter. Integer, then add by dividing by 2. In Europe, the official rule is to use the caliper method, but in the actual scale, it is also useful for the perimeter method; for domestic factory re-examination, both methods are useful. Since the plantain-level beech logs are generally round, the results of the two methods should be the same or not much different. In the actual gauge, some differences are produced, most of which are caused by different positions of the gauge, including different points on the same circumference and different points in the length direction. The more standardized operation requires the outer diameter in the middle diameter. A mark is made for factory inspection; in addition, if the ruler is not standardized, if the caliper method is not strictly operated as required, it is prone to errors. The diameter is calculated to be centimeters, usually less than two centimeters, such as 60.8 cm, 60 cm.
The ruler on European beech logs is not very standardized. In order to avoid disagreements, it is recommended to agree on the contract.
4 Quality There is no uniform quality standard for beech logs in Europe, especially sliced ​​logs, which are developed by the exporters themselves. Since there is no uniform standard, it should be agreed in the contract. Descriptive standards are generally used, such as: 25% of small red hearts (also 30%); clear sides, round straight, freshly cut, no serious end cracks, nails at both ends "S' nails and waxing.
The relationship between the length of the material and the ratio of the red heart: the trend of the red heart of the beech (including the actual size and percentage) is small, big and small, and there is no certain rule in this trend. When the long wood is cut off, the first paragraph from the small head to the second The segment (or less than the second segment) quickly becomes smaller, and the big head is even a dark circle. This is true for long products. Therefore, the size of the red heart is closely related to the position of the trunk and the length of the material. For example, a red heart of a 3m material is 25%, and a red heart of a 9m material is 30%. Which one is suitable? It should be the latter. Since most of the German mountain-like logs are long (2 to 3 segments), most of France is short (1 to 2). From the perspective of red hearts, it is more advantageous to import German beech logs. The percentage of red hearts is defined as the percentage of the diameter of the small head, which is more scientific and beneficial to the buyer because the red heart is the largest.
Regarding surface defects, the most serious defects are knots. The most common defects are grooves and torsion, such as bending and cracking (except for elevated temperatures). The big pockets are deducted by the margin, and the cutting material has serious defects. Use is not allowed, but logs are natural products, minor defects, or more serious defects, but not within the length of use, should be considered qualified. Experienced suppliers, for logs with some minor defects, are compensated by the ruler (including length and diameter), which is acceptable to domestic factories because it not only does not affect the use, but also earns more ends. .
How to effectively control quality? The quality standard in the contract is very important, but more important is the supplier's reputation and experience. It is necessary to choose an experienced supplier, preferably a large-scale planed veneer factory or a professional log export company.
5 The price is the most sensitive, and the relationship between price and quality is difficult to say. For the planed material, as long as the price fluctuates within a certain range, the quality is more important. In general, traders care more about prices, while factories pay more attention to quality. The price of sliced ​​beech logs has its particularity, and its effective price is affected by various factors, such as the length of the invoice is the small value of the effective length (2.7m), the median value (2.8, 2.9m), or large Value (3.0m), whether it is overfilled or short-loaded, whether the actual margin is long or short, whether it is long or short, the proportion of size and diameter, the quality of the material, the most important indicator is reflected in the level of the board. And the value of the use of surplus materials, such as poor lm3 logs can only be affixed to about 200 pieces of plywood, good lm3 logs can be affixed to about 450 sheets of plywood, the difference is more than 2 times, in addition, Long surplus materials can also be sold.
Since the beech logs are high-value logs, a small short log is about 3,000 yuan, and a large long one is about 20,000 yuan. Once the quality problems occur, the loss will be very serious. Experienced, reputable suppliers can supply high-quality logs at the right price, and those who are informal and inexperienced suppliers, even at high prices, may not guarantee quality.
6 The contract contract must be detailed, and must be operated strictly in accordance with the terms of trade. The inspection, claim, arbitration, and breach of contract clauses are indispensable. Generally, if there is a problem, the certificate will be issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau within 30 days after the goods arrive at the factory. The foreign party's request for inspection by SGS should be considered. The arbitration should be the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. Some foreign parties require arbitration in third-party countries and generally do not consider it. If the party is late or not delivered, the foreign party should be required to provide compensation.
7 Documents For the letter of credit trade, the most important documents are the bill of lading and the packing list. On the bill of lading, it is required to indicate the shipping number and address of the shipping company in the Chinese side. First, in order to inquire about the time of arrival, in order to prepare for customs declaration as soon as possible; second, it can prevent fraudulent bills of lading to protect the safety of funds.
The standard packing list should be in addition to the invoice length and diameter, as well as the actual length and diameter, as well as a remarks column to indicate the condition of the buckle and describe the quality status.
Lu time must stipulate a reasonable period of validity and deadline for delivery. Because sometimes there will be a delay in the arrival of the goods, the delay in the port, so that the foreign party can be forced to pay the bill early, the foreign bank to send the bill.
9 Orders and foreign parties should sign long-term contracts as much as possible, issue certificates every month, and ship them on a monthly basis. The advantage is that large orders can win a good price, which can cause the foreign party to pay attention to quality. In case there is a problem with the quality, no matter whether the cooperation or the future is solved, the market price will rise, the price will remain unchanged, and the price will drop. Ask for a price cut. This point has a unique effect on the new foreign party.
10 Claims for beech logs mainly have three aspects: First, severe discoloration at both ends: generally the amount of discoloration at each end exceeds 40 cm, making the available length less than 2.5 m, which is generally present in May, especially in late May. The reason for the subsequent shipment is that the goods are stored abroad for a long time or the temperature rises during transportation. The solution is: when the amount of imports is small and the discoloration is serious, each of the two ends is cut, the short logs can be directly sawed, and the length of the discoloration of each end of each discolored log and the length without discoloration in the middle are recorded in detail; when the amount of imports is large, Use analogy. There is no log with a discolored part less than 2.5m in the middle. Although it can not be used as a sawing veneer, it can be used as a sawn timber. When claiming, this part of the log should be reasonably valued.
The second is surface defects: such as bending, torsion, grooves, knots, cracks and red hearts. For the treatment of surface defects, the key is to grasp a degree. If the external quality of the logs is generally good, the general small defects are not claimed to the outside party. Other minor defects, such as slight twists, grooves, and some serious defects, such as knots, cracks, and the outside of the scales, the factory generally accepts, do not pay compensation, of course, the number of such cases Must not be too much, if there is a twist, the outer diameter of the buckle is 1-5cm, if there is a knot, but it is not within the effective length, such as 5.6m, there is a section at 3.5m, the foreign side is calculated by 3m, such as If there is a slight crack, increase the margin. For some serious defects, as long as the impact is affected, regardless of the quantity, a claim can be filed. Surface defects are generally claimed in l/4 volume; red hearts are over-proportioned, and should be claimed for over-proportional part volume. After calculation, the diameter is 50cm, the invoice length is 2.7m, the red heart is increased from 25% to 35%, and the red heart is over-proportioned to 0. .031 7m3. The volume is less than 0.032 3m3 when the outer diameter is increased by 1.5m. When the proportion of the red heart is increased by 10%, the volume of the added portion is small because it is the inner diameter.
Surface defects are generally easy to solve, because they are defects in standing timber and are foreign defects. Generally, there is no big controversy.
Third, the number is short: from the perspective of a large number of imported goods, most of them are expansion scales, but a small part also has a weight loss, generally not much loss, is a normal range. If there are a lot of deficits, the claim is relatively difficult. The reason is that the foreign party thinks that it is real quantity, even the scale is loose, there will be no big loss of scale, and it is skeptical about the factory re-examination, long-term partner claims Well solved, just a cooperative claim is more difficult.
The reason for the short quantity is as follows: First, the foreign party deliberately deducts the ruler. For large formal European suppliers, this situation generally does not occur; the second is the ruler method, using the perimeter method or the caliper method, there may be small differences; Calculation method, such as the carry of the diameter, π is 3.14 or 3.1416; the fourth is the position of the ruler. If there is a mark at the middle diameter, there is no position problem, some suppliers have no mark in the middle, because the medium diameter is the invoice The medium diameter of the length is not the medium diameter of the actual length. The position of the invoice length depends on the margins at both ends.
11 Agent factories are generally reluctant to find agents. They think that there is more than one link in the middle. In fact, this is not entirely the case. The key depends on whether there is a need and value in this link. There are three aspects to be aware of when looking for an agent: first, to find a professional and reputable company with strong reputation; second, to find a person who is upright, proficient in business, understand foreign languages, understand foreign trade, and be able to handle various problems independently. The third is to look at the foreign party provided by the agent, whether it has strength, experience and credibility.
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