Cell adhesion molecule
Cell adhesion molecule
Studies have shown that three major types of transmembrane proteins are involved in cell-to-cell, cell-to-substrate adhesion. Intercellular adhesion molecules-Ca2 + -independent calmodulin (CAMs) and Ca2 + -dependent cadherins are mainly involved in homologous cells Interaction. These protein molecules have a self-activating effect, that is, similar molecules on each other's cells can activate each other [Rosenman and Gallatin, 1991, Alberts et al., 2002], and mutual recognition between cells can activate cell signaling pathways, thus Causes changes in cell behavior [Cavllaro and Christofori, 2004]. The interaction between cells and matrix is ​​mainly mediated by integrins. Integrin is the matrix molecule, such as fibronectin, homing, laminin, collagen receptor Molecules, they often bind to integrins through a special motif of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) [Yamada and Geiger 1997]. Each integrin includes an a subunit and a β subunit, a subunit The extracellular domains of β- and β-subunits are polymorphic, so they combine to form many integrins. The interaction between integrins and cadherins and focal adhesion proteins is one of the steps in the transmission of signals to the nucleus [Bakolitsa et a l., 2004]. The third type of adhesion molecule is a transmembrane proteoglycan, which can interact with matrix components such as other proteoglycans or collagen, but the interaction between these molecules is not through the RGD sequence, some transmembrane or Soluble proteoglycans are also used as receptors for low-affinity growth factors [Subramanian et al., 1997, Yevdokimova and Freshney, 1997], with stability, activation and transport of growth factors to high-affinity receptors On the role [Schlessinger et al., 1995].
Proteases can digest extracellular matrix and even separate tissue cells and cultured monolayer adherent cells from each other by degrading the extracellular region of transmembrane proteins. Epithelial cells are generally not easily dissociated because they pass through tight junction complexes (desmosomes, adhesion Plaques and tight junctions) make the cells bind together, and the mesenchymal cell binding depends more on the role of the matrix, so it is easy to separate; cultured endothelial cells, especially the biological endothelium on culture vessels that have been treated with the matrix for a long time Some cells are also tightly connected and difficult to separate. In any case, before the cells adhere, they must re-synthesize matrix proteins or provide a substrate-coated underside.
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