Nerve cell culture is no longer difficult to go to the sky

In the world of cell culture, neurons have long been seen as a tricky and delicate subject. Their isolation is often complicated, and their growth conditions are notoriously strict, which has made them one of the most challenging cells to work with. However, this isn't entirely unfair—neurons are indeed finicky. But thanks to advances in frozen cell technology and ready-made reagents, the process of culturing neurons has become far more accessible. Now, even those without extensive experience can dive into the exciting field of neuronal research. Where do these neurons come from? According to Navjot Kaur, a cell biology scientist at Thermo Fisher Scientific, there are three main sources for neurons used in research. Traditionally, they were extracted from the brain or spinal cord of rodents. Recently, however, suppliers have started offering frozen neurons, making it easier for researchers to obtain them. Additionally, scientists can now generate neuron-like cells from pluripotent stem cells, expanding the possibilities even further. When choosing neurons for an experiment, two key factors must be considered: the source of the cells and the type of study being conducted. For biochemical experiments that require large quantities, neurons from the rodent cortex—being the largest part of the brain—are often the go-to choice. But if the goal is to study specific behaviors or define a particular cell population, researchers need to isolate neurons from specific brain regions, as different areas contain various types of cells. John Henley, associate professor of neurosurgery at the Mayo Clinic, explains that his lab typically focuses on hippocampal neurons, which play a crucial role in learning and memory. They extract the hippocampus, dissociate the cells, and then culture them accordingly. Henley notes that one reliable method for separating nerve tissue is using cell strainers of different sizes, but this process often results in significant cell death and debris. A more common approach is to treat the tissue with enzymes, which helps break it down more efficiently. Some companies, like Pierce, offer enzyme kits for this purpose. However, enzymes can also cause damage by cutting off surface receptors essential for cell adhesion and signaling. "So it's important to let the cells settle and adapt before starting any experiments," he adds. Rodent neurons are typically harvested from late-stage embryos, when their developmental fate is largely set. As they mature, they develop more branches and begin to form connections, making them harder to separate without causing damage. Sam Lloyd-Burton, product manager for neuroscience products at STEMCELL Technologies, explains that once neurons start to connect, the separation process becomes increasingly difficult. Today, researchers have more options than ever. They can purchase freshly isolated or cryopreserved neurons, depending on their needs. The most commonly available are cortical and hippocampal neurons, but companies like Lonza also offer cryopreserved cells from specific brain regions such as the cerebellum, striatum, hypothalamus, and dorsal root ganglia. Lubna Hussain, senior product manager at Lonza, emphasizes that all their neurons undergo strict quality control. They use a series of criteria to confirm the identity of the cells—whether they're cortical, hippocampal, or striatal. These cells are comparable to freshly isolated ones, ensuring consistency across experiments. This means researchers no longer have to deal with the variability that comes with isolating neurons each time, allowing for more reliable and reproducible results.

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