Genetic molecular biology
Modern geneticists believe that a gene is a general term for a specific nucleotide sequence on a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule that has a genetic effect, and is a DNA molecule fragment that has a genetic effect. The genes are located on the chromosome and are arranged linearly on the chromosome. Genes can not only transmit genetic information to the next generation through replication, but also enable genetic information to be expressed. The differences in hair, skin color, eyes, nose, etc. between different races are due to genetic differences. Humans have only one genome, with about 30,000 genes. The Human Genome Project was first proposed by American scientists in 1985. It aims to elucidate the sequence of 3 billion base pairs of the human genome, discover all human genes and clarify their positions on chromosomes, decipher all human genetic information, and make Know yourself fully at the molecular level at a time. The plan was formally launched in 1990. The goal of this $ 3 billion project is to accurately sequence the human genome composed of 3 billion base pairs, so as to finally clarify the proteins made by each gene and their role. For example, this process is like drawing a road map from Beijing to Shanghai on foot, and marking each mountain and valley along the way. Although it is slow, every peak and valley. Although it is slow, it is very precise. As the human genome is gradually deciphered, a picture of life will be drawn and people's lives will change dramatically. Gene drugs have entered people's lives, and using gene therapy to treat more diseases is no longer a luxury. Because with our understanding of human beings, we have reached a new level, the causes of many diseases will be uncovered, the medicine will be better designed, and the treatment plan will be "medicated for the cause". By adjusting the genetic conditions, the overall health status of human beings will be improved, and the medical foundation of the 21st century will be laid. Using genes, people can improve fruit and vegetable varieties and improve the quality of crops. More genetically modified plants, animals, and food will come out. Humans may cultivate super crops in the new century. By controlling the biochemical characteristics of the human body, humans will be able to restore or repair the functions of human cells and organs, and even change the evolutionary process of humans.
The 20th century was considered by many to be the century of physics. I appreciate this description: This century began with the understanding of the basic composition of matter-atomic structure. The atomic bomb and the moon landing of mankind are part of the most glorious achievements of this century, and the potato chip (Chip) made of the simplest inorganic silicon finally brought humanity into the information age! The 20th century also gave birth to another century: this is the beginning of the most basic information of our rediscovery of life-genes. The introduction of the genetic material structure model in the 1950s and the establishment of genetic engineering technology in the 1970s made it mature, and the International Human Genome Project, which began in the 1990s, took humans into another century. Now I want to talk about the position of human beings in nature with the development of the Human Genome Project, and then talk about the issue of nature and "artificial". In the past, when we discussed "Science is a double-edged sword," we were only concerned that human enemies might also wield this sword, such as Hitler and Fifty-Six. Now, our problem is complicated at once. Our laws suddenly become overwhelmed or powerless before cloning new issues such as humans. We blame them on moral or ethical issues. In fact, it is a matter of nature and man-made. The scientific purpose of the Human Genome Project is to determine the sequence of 3 billion nucleotides that make up the human genome. Thereby laying the foundation for elucidating the structure and function of all human genes, interpreting human genetic information, and uncovering the mysteries of human beings. Due to the consistency of living matter and the continuity of biological evolution, this means that the key to uncovering the ultimate mystery of life, that is, all the theories, strategies and technologies of the Human Genome Project, is the most advanced and complex study of human Formed in biological systems. Scale is the "genomics" that was born with the start of the Human Genome Project and successfully developed with the progress of the Human Genome Project. For the first time, biologists understand and study from the scale of the entire genome, rather than discovering it one by one. Genetic research will be the main difference between genomics and genomes. The size of the genome has also changed the size of the classic laboratory and the original experimental methods. This may be one of the reasons why the International Human Genome Project has only 6 official member countries and 16 centers. The serialization of organisms means that life sciences are based on sequences. This is the most important feature that distinguishes the life sciences of the new era from the previous biology. With the finalization of the human genome sequence map, the discovery of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, or sequence difference) and comparative genomics ancient DNA, "Food Genome Project", "Pathogen and Environmental Genome Project" (mainly fatal Pathogenesis) and the advancement of sequences related to human susceptibility, and genome sequence maps of major species with scientific, economic, and medical significance will be published. We have obtained more information from the sequence than all the biological research accumulated so far. For the first time, biology becomes a science based on data (specific sequence data) as the basis and guidance instead of hypothesis and concept. Even evolution, the most essential feature of life and evolutionary research, is based on multiple patterns and genome sequences of other organisms. The study of ancient DNA is no longer the only evolutionary study that cannot be repeated in the laboratory because of time and the past environment, thus revealing the connection between the mystery of life evolution and ancient and modern creatures. This helps people better understand the human relationship in the biological world. The informatization of living things is based on the power of electronic computers, and also on the network to make the earth smaller. Without them, the coordination of the International Human Genome Project and the timely publication of the world are impossible. Without all the software and hardware, nothing is possible with the Human Genome Project. Once the sequence is read, its quality control, assembly, and even submission and analysis depend on bioinformatics. From now on, the meaning of the sequence is completely determined by bioinformatics. What is the use of sequences without the analysis of electronic computers and the information that is exploding? The reason why the Human Genome Project is striking comes from people's need for health. Disease is the primary factor that naturally affects health. It is a problem that everyone, every pair of parents, every family, every national government has to consider. Because human pursuit of health has never been slack.
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